| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Great Depression of British Agriculture ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Great Depression of British Agriculture
The Great Depression of British Agriculture occurred during the late nineteenth century and is usually dated from 1873 to 1896.〔T. W. Fletcher, ‘The Great Depression of English Agriculture 1873-1896’, in P. J. Perry (ed.), ''British Agriculture 1875-1914'' (London: Methuen, 1973), pp. 31.〕 The depression was caused by the dramatic fall in grain prices following the opening up of the American prairies to cultivation in the 1870s and the advent of cheap transportation with the rise of steamboats. British agriculture did not recover from this depression until after the Second World War.〔Alun Howkins, ''Reshaping Rural England. A Social History 1850-1925'' (London: HarperCollins Academic, 1991), p. 138.〕〔David Cannadine, ''The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy'' (London: Pan, 1992), p. 92.〕
==Background==
In 1846 Parliament repealed the Corn Laws—which had imposed a tariff on imported grain—and thereby instituted free trade. There was a widespread belief that free trade would lower prices immediately.〔Mancur Olson and Curtis C. Harris, ‘Free Trade in 'Corn': A Statistical Study of the Prices and Production of Wheat in Great Britain from 1873 to 1914’, in P. J. Perry (ed.), ''British Agriculture 1875-1914'' (London: Methuen, 1973), p. 150.〕〔Richard Perren, ''Agriculture in Depression, 1870-1940'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 2.〕 However this did not occur for about 25 years after repeal and the years 1853 to 1862 were famously described by Lord Ernle as the "golden age of English agriculture".〔Lord Ernle, ''English Farming Past and Present. Sixth Edition'' (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1961), p. 373.〕 This period of prosperity was caused by rising prices due to the discovery of gold in Australia and California which encouraged industrial demand.〔Perren, p. 2.〕 Grain prices dropped from 1848 to 1850 but went up again from 1853, with the Crimean War (1853-1856) and the American Civil War (1861-1865) preventing the export of cereals from Russia and America, thereby shielding Britain from the effects of free trade.〔Perren, p. 3.〕〔P. J. Perry, ‘Editor's Introduction’, ''British Agriculture 1875-1914'' (London: Methuen, 1973), p. xix.〕 Britain enjoyed a series of good harvests (apart from in 1860) and the area of land under cultivation expanded, with increasing land values and increasing investments in drainage and buildings.〔Perren, p. 3.〕〔Ernle, pp. 374-375.〕 In the opinion of historian Robert Ensor, the technology employed in British agriculture was superior to most farming on the Continent due to more than a century of practical research and experimentation: "Its breeds were the best, its cropping the most scientific, its yields the highest".〔R. C. K. Ensor, ''England 1870-1914'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936), p. 117.〕 Ernle stated that "crops reached limits which production has never since exceeded, and probably, so far as anything certain can be predicted of the unknown, never will exceed".〔Ernle, p. 375.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Great Depression of British Agriculture」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|